Fig. 7

Mechanistic details of MPTP-induced DA-neuronal loss in PD. After crossing blood brain barrier, MPTP enters glial cells, where it is converted to MPP+. This MPP+ then enters neurons and damage mitochondria, which causes energy failure, oxidative stress, glutamate and Ca⁺⁺ excitotoxicty, increased aggregation of misfolded SNCA, and DA-neuronal loss