Table 2 Summary of literature and overview of novel findings

PD Neuronal

Pathology

Previously shown

LB and LN pathology, threads [14,15,16,17,18]

Dot-like pathology [21, 22]

LB and LN pathology, threads [14, 16, 18, 23]

Dot-like pathology [21]

LB and LN pathology, threads [14, 18,19,20]

Dot-like pathology [22]

Novel finding by Wiseman et al. (2024) [13]

–

Neuritic α-Syn proteoforms with exclusive pS129 immunoreactivity [13]

Punctate lysosomal proteoforms [13]

Perinuclear proteoforms [13]

PD Glial

Pathology

Previously shown

Astrocytic proteoforms [16, 24, 25, 45]

–

Astrocytic proteoforms [19, 20, 24, 25]

Novel finding by Wiseman et al. (2024) [13]

–

–

Microglial and astrocytic proteoforms [13]

MSA Neuronal

pathology

Previously shown

NCIs, intranuclear inclusions, threads [17, 21, 26, 27]

NCIs, intranuclear inclusions, dot-like inclusions, threads [18, 21]

NCIs, intranuclear inclusions, dot-like inclusions, threads [20, 26]

Novel finding in this study

Filamentous NCI proteoforms with unique C-terminus immunoreactivity

pS129 fails to detect a significant proportion of NCIs

Filamentous NCI proteoforms with unique N-terminus immunoreactivity

MSA Glial

pathology

Previously shown

GCIs, intranuclear inclusions [17, 26]

GCIs [18, 21, 28]

GCIs [20, 26]

Novel finding in this study

Filamentous GCI proteoforms with unique C-terminus immunoreactivity

pS129 fails to detect a significant proportion of GCIs

GCIs, intranuclear inclusions. Filamentous GCI proteoforms with unique N-terminus immunoreactivity

Neurologically normal

Low level of punctate immunoreactivity in cytoplasm [13, 46]

No presence of pS129 α-Syn [13, 46]

Low level of punctate immunoreactivity in cytoplasm revealed in previous studies [13, 46] and in this study