Table 2 Summary of recent studies on clearing peripheral Aβ in AD

Medication

Monoclonal antibodies: Lecanemab; Donanemab

AD patients

Reduce blood and brain Aβ;

Recover CSF biomarkers;

Slow clinical progression

[159]

[160]

[161]

[162]

Furosemide

APP/PS1 mice

Reduces blood and brain Aβ;

Attenuates AD pathologies;

Improves cognitive deficits

[169]

Operation

Hemodialysis

Patient with end-stage renal failure

Reduces brain Aβ accumulation

[171]

Peritoneal dialysis

Patients with newly diagnosed CKD;

APP/PS1 mice

Reduces plasma and brain Aβ;

Reduces Tau hyperphosphorylation;

Suppresses neuroinflammation;

Reduces neuronal and synaptic loss;

Rescues behavioral deficits

[172]

Blood exchange

Tg2576 mice

Reduces cerebral amyloid plaques; Improves spatial memory performance

[173]

Bone marrow transplantation

APP/PS1 mice

Reduces blood and brain Aβ;

Rejuvenates peripheral immunity;

Attenuates neuronal degeneration;

Inhibits neuroinflammation;

Improves behavioral deficits

[166]

[167]

LRP-1 overexpression in liver

APP/PS1 mice

Attenuates cerebral Aβ deposition;

Attenuates cognitive impairments

[168]

Splenectomy

APP/PS1 mice

Increases brain Aβ burden;

Aggravates behavior deficits;

Aggravates AD pathologies

[170]

Unilateral nephrectomy

APP/PS1 mice

Increases brain Aβ deposition;

Aggravates Tau hyperphosphorylation;

Increases neuroinflammation;

Increases neuronal loss;

Aggravates cognitive deficits

[169]